Creating
Independent Variables for Regressions Reported in Tables 3.2, 3.4
in Why Not Parties in Russia?
Software used: Stata 7
GENERAL NOTES
All of these independent variables are dummy variables, coded 1 if a respondent indicates what is of interest in the given survey, and zero otherwise, even if this “otherwise” means no response or refusal to answer. This is reasonable since we are interested in the impact of the affirmation of a particular trait or view on respondents’ voting and affiliation decisions. Since parties sometimes made centrist stands on certain issues central to their campaigns, not all dummy variables code extreme answers. Variables were included (and created) based on the author’s interpretation, based on detailed analysis of the particular campaigns involved--that is, what the salient campaign issues were in a given election season and where the cleavage points between parties were in this campaign with respect to the broad categories of variables in which we are interested (issue positions, social background, views on current conditions). Questions were not always posed identically in all three survey waves, sometimes reflecting the fact that different concrete issues were the most relevant points of debate on a given cleavage in a given year. For example, the meaning of the “Chechen issue” was very different in 1995-6, during the first Chechen war, from what it was in 1999-2000, after the deadly apartment bombings of 1999-2000.
1995-6 SURVEY
Variables
Note: These measures effectively use only respondents interviewed in Wave 2 of the 1995-6 survey (that is, wave 1 respondents who were not in Wave 2 are coded as 0 instead of artificially assuming the missing respondents have “average” responses). The questions used that come from wave 2 as opposed to wave 1 are p21 and p24 (under Issue Positions) and p40 (under Current Conditions). The effects of using Wave 2 respondents only on the other variables can be studied in part by conducting the regression without these variables.
SOCIAL BACKGROUND: Age Female Russian HigherEd PrivateJob Kolkhoz FamIncomeLo PrivatizeHouse CPSU East South PopQuintile
generate Female = 1 if d55==2
replace Female = 0 if Female==.
generate Age = 95-d56a
replace Age = . if d56a==98
replace Age = . if d56a==97
generate Tekhnikum = 1 if d63_4a==1
replace Tekhnikum = 0 if d63_4c~=1
generate University = 1 if d63_5a==1
replace University = 0 if d63_5c~=1
generate GradSchool = 1 if d63_6a==1
replace GradSchool = 0 if d63_6c~=1
generate HigherEd = 1 if Tekhnikum==1
replace HigherEd = 1 if University==1
replace HigherEd = 1 if GradSchool==1
replace HigherEd = 0 if HigherEd==.
generate Russian = 1 if d64==1
replace Russian = 0 if Russian==.
generate PrivateJob = 1 if d75_4==1
replace PrivateJob = 1 if d75_5==1
replace PrivateJob = 1 if d75_6==1
replace PrivateJob = 0 if PrivateJob==.
generate Kolkhoz = 1 if d75_1==1
replace Kolkhoz = 0 if Kolkhoz==.
generate FamIncomeLo = 1 if d103<247000
replace FamIncomeLo = 0 if FamIncomeLo==.
generate PrivatizeHouse = 1 if d107==2
replace PrivatizeHouse = 0 if PrivatizeHouse==.
generate CPSU = 1 if d109==1
replace CPSU = 0 if CPSU==.
generate East = 0 if area==22
replace East = 0 if area==24
replace East = 0 if area==29
replace East = 0 if area==30
replace East = 0 if area==31
replace East = 0 if area==32
replace East = 1 if East==.
generate South = 1 if area==5
replace South = 1 if area==13
replace South = 1 if area==14
replace South = 1 if area==15
replace South = 1 if area==17
replace South = 1 if area==19
replace South = 1 if area==20
replace South = 1 if area==21
replace South = 1 if area==23
replace South = 1 if area==27
replace South = 1 if area==31
replace South = 1 if area==32
replace South = 0 if South==.
generate PopQuintile = 5 if popul>753400
replace PopQuintile = 4 if popul<911100
replace PopQuintile = 3 if popul<277900
replace PopQuintile = 2 if popul<70700
replace PopQuintile = 1 if popul<5577
CURRENT CONDITIONS: WageArrears PocketbookUp EcUp EcWayDown DemDissat
generate EcUp = 1 if d42==1
replace EcUp = 1 if d42==2
replace EcUp = 0 if EcUp==.
generate EcWayDown = 1 if d42==5
replace EcWayDown = 0 if EcWayDown==.
generate WageArrears = 1 if d79==1
replace WageArrears = 0 if WageArrears==.
generate PocketbookUp = 1 if d104==1
replace PocketbookUp = 1 if d104==2
replace PocketbookUp = 0 if PocketbookUp==.
generate DemDissat = 1 if p40==4
replace DemDissat = 0 if DemDissat==.
replace DemDissat = . if ph4_1==.
ISSUE POSITIONS: AntiMarket ProtectionistFull PrivHate OrderOverRights RegAutonomyLo PresOverParl ProPartyCompet USthreat ChechnyaOK JewHate
generate AntiMarket = 1 if d44==3
replace AntiMarket = 0 if AntiMarket==.
generate ProtectionistFull = 1 if d48_2==1
replace ProtectionistFull = 0 if ProtectionistFull==.
generate PrivHate = 1 if d47==5
replace PrivHate = 0 if PrivHate==.
generate OrderOverRights = 1 if d49==1
replace OrderOverRights = 1 if d49==2
replace OrderOverRights = 0 if OrderOverRights==.
generate RegAutonomyLo = 1 if d51==1
replace RegAutonomyLo = 1 if d51==2
replace RegAutonomyLo = 0 if RegAutonomyLo==.
generate PresOverParl = 1 if d52==1
replace PresOverParl = 0 if PresOverParl==.
generate ProPartyCompet = 1 if d120_7==1
replace ProPartyCompet = 1 if d120_7==2
replace ProPartyCompet = 0 if ProPartyCompet==.
generate USthreat = 1 if d115==1
replace USthreat = 0 if USthreat==.
generate ChechnyaOK = 1 if p21_10==1
replace ChechnyaOK = 1 if p21_10==2
replace ChechnyaOK = 0 if ChechnyaOK==.
replace ChechnyaOK = . if ph4_1==.
generate JewHate = 1 if p24_6==0
replace JewHate = 0 if JewHate==.
replace JewHate = . if ph4_1==.
Specific Questions Used in
Creation of Variables
d42. Would you say that over this past twelve months the state of the economy in Russia has…?
1. Improved a lot
2. Improved a little
3. Remained unchanged
4. Worsened a little
5. Worsened a lot
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d44. What is your view of the transition to a market economy in Russia? Which of the opinions I shall now read out is the closest to your opinion?
1. You are for a market econom and believe that the transition to the market should be quick
2. You are for a market economy and believe that the transition to the market should be gradual
3. You are against the transition to a market economy
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d47. What is your attitude toward the wayprivatization has been going on in Russia since 1992? Do you fully approve, approve, approve and disapprove different aspects, disapprove, or completely disapprove of how privatization has been carried out and is being carried out in our country?
1. You fully approve
2. You approve
3. You approve some and disapprove some
4. You disapprove
5. You completely disapprove
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d48. Now I will read you several assertions touching on a variety of economic and social provlems in Russia. Please say how m8uch you agree or disagree with each of these assertions: whether you fully agree, agree, waver, disagree, or completely disagree.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 10]
{KEY: (1) Fully agree (2) Agree (3) Waver (4) Disagree (5) Completely disagree (7) HARD TO SAY (8) REFUSAL}
(1) …
(2) We must defend our industry against competition from foreign firms that are out to seize the Russian market.
d49. There is a lot of discussion today about matters of legality, law and order, corruption, and crime in Russia. Various points of view exist about how order should be brought about in our country. So what do you think about this? Use a scale where 1 denotes that order should be introduced at all costs, even if the rights of citizens are violated, and 5 denotes that in introducing order the rights of citizens must not under any circumstances be violated.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 11]
ORDER ORDER H/S REF
AT ALL COSTS WITHOUT VIOL RTS
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
d51. Some People think that in Russia everything should ber decided by the top organs of government in Moscow, that the center should be strongest. Others think that everything should be decided in the regions, that the regional authorities should be strongest. What do you think about this?
1. Everything should be decided in Moscow
2. Most questions should be decided in Moscow
3. Some questions should be decided in Moscow and some in the regions
4. Most questions should be decided in the regions
5. Everything should be decided in the regions
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d52. Some people believe that the President of Russia should have more powers than the Parliament. Others want the Parliament to have more powers than the President. What is your point of view? Please use a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 denotes that the President should havemuch more power than Parliament and 5 denotes that Parliament hould have much more power than the President.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 12]
PRESIDENT PRESIDENT AND PARLIAMENT H/S REF
MUCH STRONGER PARLIAMENT EQUAL MUCH STRONGER
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
d55. [INTERVIEWER: MARK THE SEX OF THE RESPONDENT]
1. MALE
2. FEMALE
d56. Please tell me in what year and what month you were born.
|_|_| Year
|_|_| Month
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
d63_4a. Have you studied or are you now studying in any of the educational establishments which I will now list for you, and if yes how many years did you study in each of them and did you receive a diploma?
[INTERVIEWER: IF THE RESPONDENT STUDIED LESSTHAN A YEAR, WRITE 0 YEARS.]
You studied How many Earned
or are studying? years? diploma?
(1-3)…
(4) In a tekhnikum, 1. Yes > |__| 1. Yes
in a musical, 2. No 2. No
teachers’,
or artists’
college
(5) In an institute, 1. Yes > |__| 1. Yes
university, 2. No 2. No
academy
(6) In graduate 1. Yes > |__| 1. Yes
courses or 2. No 2. No
the like
d64. Whom do you consider yourself to be by nationality? This is not necessarily the nationality which is written in your passport?
_________________________________________________
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
d75. Tell me, please, is the enterprise or organization where your main job is the property of the state, of the labor collective, of private persons, or of someone else?
Yes No H/S REF
(1) Kolkhoz 1 2 7 8
(2) State 1 2 7 8
(3) Labor collective 1 2 7 8
(4) Russian private persons or firms 1 2 7 8
(5) Foreign private persons or firms 1 2 7 8
(6) Someone else 1 2 7 8
d79. In this past twelve months have there been arrears in the payment of wages at your main place of work?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d103. How much money in total have all members of your family made in this past thirty days? Sum up everything--wages, bonuses, profits, pensions, allowances, material aid, incidental pay, and other monetary income. Include in this hard currency, but convert the hard currency into rubles.
__________ rubles
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d104. How has your family’s material situation changed over this past twelve months?
1. Improved a lot
2. Improved a little
3. Remained unchanged
4. Worsened a little
5. Worsened a lot
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d107. Is your family’s housing [recently] privatized, private, or non-privatized and non-private?
1. It has always been private or cooperative
2. Privatized since 1992
3. Non-privatized, non-private
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d109. Were you a member of the CPSU?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d115. Do you think that the policy of the US represents a threat to Russian security?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
d120. Now I will read you several assertions about which there are various viewpoints. What is your attitude toward them? Do you fully agree, agree on the whole, disagree on the whole, or fully disagree with them?
(1-6) …
(7) Competition among various political parties makes our system stronger.
p21. Now I will read you a number of assertions. Please say if you fully agree, agree, disagree, or completely disagree with each of them.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 10]
{KEY: (1) Fully agree (2) Agree (3) Waver (4) Disagree (5) Completely disagree (7) HARD TO SAY (8) REFUSAL}
(1-9) …
(10) The decision to use military force in Chechnya was correct.
p24_6. And now would you please, with the assistance of the same Feeling Thermometer, assess various groups of people.
[Description
of thermometer from preceding question, p.23: I will read out to you the names of political
and public figures, some of them alive today and others who lived in the
past. Let us talk a bit about each of
these, using the Feeling Thermometer.
Our thermometer has a scale from 0 to 100 degrees. Zero degress denotes that you very much
dislike this person, 50 degrees denotes that you like and dislike this person
in equal measure, and 100 degrees that you like this person a great deal. The
part of the scale from 0 to 50 denotes that to a greater or lesser degree you
dislike this person, and from 50 to 100 degrees it denotes that to a greater or
lesser degree you like the person. If
you hear among the ones that I name the name of a person who is not known to
you or whom you do not know well enough to give an opinion, then just say so.]
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 3]
I will name some groups for you. Please tell me what your attitude is toward each of them.
[INTERVIEWER: MARK THE SCORE “996” IF THE RESPONDENT SAYS THAT HE DOES NOT KNOW THE GROUP. SCORE THE “997” IF THE RESPONDENT CANNOT ASSESS HIS ATTITUDE TOWARD THE GIVEN GROUP.]
Your attitude on Unknown to Cannot Refusal
thermometer respondent Assess
(1-5) …
(6) Jews ______ 996 997 998
p40. On the whole, are you fully satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, or completely dissatisfied with how democracy is developing in Russia?
1. Fully satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Completely dissatisfied
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
ph4. DATE OF INTERVIEW
DAY |_|_|
MONTH |_|_|
east: categorization of Russian regions into East
as opposed to West used in Colton 2000.
PopQuintile: The quintile of population size into which
the respondent’s place of residence falls.
Coded by interviewer based on official population data
south: categorization of Russian regions into North
as opposed to South used in Colton 2000.
1999-2000 SURVEY
Variables: From Wave 1
Note: These measures effectively use only respondents interviewed in Wave 2 of the 1999-2000 survey (that is, wave 1 respondents who were not in Wave 2 are coded as 0 instead of artificially assuming the missing respondents have “average” responses). The question used that comes from wave 2 as opposed to wave 1 are t47 (under Current Conditions). The effects of using Wave 2 respondents only on the other variables can be studied in part by conducting the regression without this variable.
SOCIAL BACKGROUND: HigherEd FamIncomeLo MiddleClass PrivateJob PrivatizeHouse Kolkhoz CPSU Age Female Russian South East PopQuintile
generate HigherEd = 1 if m73==7
replace HigherEd = 1 if m73==8
replace HigherEd = 0 if HigherEd ==.
generate CPSU = 1 if m83==1
replace CPSU = 0 if CPSU==.
generate PrivateJob = 1 if m89_4==1
replace PrivateJob = 1 if m89_5==1
replace PrivateJob = 1 if m89_6==1
replace PrivateJob = 0 if PrivateJob==.
generate Kolkhoz = 1 if m89_1==1
replace Kolkhoz = 0 if Kolkhoz==.
generate PrivatizeHouse = 1 if m128==2
replace PrivatizeHouse = 0 if PrivatizeHouse==.
generate Age = 99-m69a
generate Female = 1 if m68==2
replace Female = 0 if Female==.
generate MiddleClass = 1 if m152==1
replace MiddleClass = 0 if MiddleClass==.
generate FamIncomeLo = 1 if m124<500
replace FamIncomeLo = 0 if FamIncomeLo==.
rename popqui PopQuintile
rename south South
rename east East
rename russian Russian
CURRENT CONDITIONS: WageArrears PocketbookUp LawEnforceBad EcUp EcWayDown DemDissat
*ALSO, for post-election survey wave: EcOppWayUp*
generate WageArrears = 1 if m105==1
replace WageArrears = 0 if WageArrears==.
generate PocketbookUp = 1 if m125==1
replace PocketbookUp = 1 if m125==2
replace PocketbookUp = 0 if PocketbookUp==.
generate LawEnforceBad = 1 if m140==2
replace LawEnforceBad = 0 if LawEnforceBad==.
generate DemDissat = 1 if m65==4
replace DemDissat = 0 if DemDissat==.
generate EcUp = 1 if t47==1
replace EcUp = 1 if t47==2
replace EcUp = 0 if EcUp==.
replace EcUp = . if tredid==.
generate EcWayDown = 1 if t47==5
replace EcWayDown = 0 if EcWayDown==.
replace EcWayDown = . if tredid==.
ISSUE POSITIONS: MarketDeepen SocialismPartial SocialismComplete PrivatizationKeep Protectionist LibOverOrder OrderOverLibFully AntiRFUKunion RegAutonomyHi RegAutonomyLo ParlOverPres PresOverParl LimitJews NoPrivilRusFully ChechnyaHawk ElectLdrsImpt
generate SocialismComplete = 1 if m59==1
replace SocialismComplete = 0 if SocialismComplete==.
generate PrivatizationKeep = 1 if m50==1
replace PrivatizationKeep = 0 if PrivatizationKeep==.
generate Protectionist = 1 if m51_2==1
replace Protectionist = 0 if Protectionist==.
generate OrderOverLibFully = 1 if m63_4==1
replace OrderOverLibFully = 0 if OrderOverLibFully==.
generate AntiRFUKunion = 1 if m63_5==4
replace AntiRFUKunion = 1 if m63_5==5
replace AntiRFUKunion = 0 if AntiRFUKunion==.
generate RegAutonomyHi = 1 if m52==4
replace RegAutonomyHi = 1 if m52==5
replace RegAutonomyHi = 0 if RegAutonomyHi==.
generate PresOverParl = 1 if m53==1
replace PresOverParl = 0 if PresOverParl==.
generate LimitJews=1 if m58==1
replace LimitJews=0 if LimitJews==.
generate NoPrivilRusFully = 1 if m63_7==5
replace NoPrivilRusFully = 0 if NoPrivilRusFully==.
generate ChechnyaHawk = 1 if m61==1
replace ChechnyaHawk = 0 if ChechnyaHawk==.
generate ElectLdrsImpt = 1 if m146_7==1
replace ElectLdrsImpt=0 if ElectLdrsImpt==.
Specific Questions Used in
Creation of Variables
m50. And what do you think about the privatization of state property
which was actually carried out in Russia in the 1990s?
1. The results of the
privatization should remain without change
2. It is necessary to review
all cases when privatization was undertaken with violations of the law
3. It is necessary to review all the results of privatization
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m51. Now I will read you several assertions touching on a variety of
social and political problems in our country. Please say how much you agree or
disagree with each of these assertions: whether you fully agree, agree, are
indifferent, disagree, or completely disagree.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 8.]
{KEY: (1) Fully agree (2)
Agree (3) Indifferent (4) Disagree (5) Completely disagree (7) H/S (8) REF}
(1) …
(2) We must defend our
industry against competition from foreign firms that are out to seize the
Russian market.
m52. Some people think that in Russia everything should be decided by the
top organs of government in Moscow, that the center should be strongest. Others
think that everything should be decided in the regions, that the regional
authorities should be strongest. What do you think about this?
1. Everything should be
decided in Moscow
2. Most questions should be
decided in Moscow
3. Some questions should be
decided in Moscow and some in the regions
4. Most questions should be
decided in the regions
5. Everything should be
decided in the regions
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m53. Some people believe that, regardless of who is President of Russia,
he should have more powers than the Parliament. Others want the Parliament to
have more powers than the President. What is your point of view? Please use a scale from 1 to 5, where 1
denotes that the President should have much more power than Parliament and 5
denotes that Parliament should have much more power than the President.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND
THE RESPONDENT CARD 9.]
{Card shows positions (1)
President much stronger (2) (3) President and Parliament are equal in power (4)
(5) Parliament much stronger; also (7) H/S (8) REF}
m58. What do you think, is it necessary or unnecessary to limit the
number of Jews working in the country’s leadership?
1. It is necessary to set limits
2. It is unnecessary to set limits
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m59. Some people say Russia committed a huge blunder by beginning market
reforms. They maintain that these market changes caused great damage in that
most people have not gotten anything out of them. They believe that Russia
should return to a socialist economic system.
Other people think that under socialism the economy worked very
poorly and it was necessary to change it. They believe that temporary hardships
for most people are unavoidable in any reform, but, if we turn Russia into a
prosperous country, it is necessary to deepen and accelerate market reforms.
What do you think?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND
THE RESPONDENT CARD 10.]
1. WE SHOULD RETURN COMPLETELY TO THE SOCIALIST ECONOMY
2. WE SHOULD FOR THE TIME
BEING RETAIN IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIALIST ECONOMY
3. WE SHOULD CONTINUE MARKET REFORMS, BUT LESS PAINFULLY
4. WE SHOULD DEEPEN AND ACCELERATE MARKET REFORMS
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m61. There is no less discussion today about the problem of Chechnya. On
this question, too, people’s opinions are very diverse. And what do you think about
the Chechnya problem? Use a scale where “1” denotes that Russia should keep
Chechnya at all costs and “5” denotes that it is necessary to let Chechnya
leave Russia.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND
THE RESPONDENT CARD 11.]
{KEY: (1) Keep at all costs
(2) (3) (4) (5) Let it leave Russia (7) H/S (8) REF}
m63. Now I will read you several assertions touching on a variety of
social and political problems in our country. Please say how much you agree or
disagree with each of these assertions: whether you fully agree, agree, are
indifferent, disagree, or completely disagree.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 8.]
{KEY: (1) Fully agree (2)
Agree (3) Indifferent (4) Disagree (5) Completely disagree (7) H/S (8) REF}
(1-3) …
(4) It is better to live in
a society with strict order than to give people so much freedom that they may
destroy society.
(5) Russia and Ukraine
should unite in a single state.
(6) …
(7) Ethnic Russians in Russia should have certain advantages
over all other nationalities.
m65. On the whole, are you fully satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, or
completely dissatisfied with how democracy is developing in Russia?
1. FULLY SATISFIED
2. SATISFIED
3. DISSATISFIED
4. COMPLETELY DISSATISFIED
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m68. [INTERVIEWER: MARK THE SEX OF THE RESPONDENT.]
1. MALE
2. FEMALE
m69. And now a few questions about something else. Please tell me in what
year and what month you were born.
In 19 __ year __ number of the month
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
m73. What is your education?
1. Without education, illiterate
2. Elementary
3. Incomplete secondary
4. Secondary
5. Secondary specialized
6. Incomplete higher
7. Higher
8. Scholarly degree
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
m83. Were you a member of the CPSU?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
89. Tell me, please, is the enterprise or organization where your main
job is the property of the state, of the labor collective, of private persons,
or of someone else?
{KEY: (1) Yes (2) No (7) H/S
(8) REF}
(1) Kolkhoz
(2) State
(3) Labor collective
(4) Russian private persons
or firms
(5) Foreign private persons
or firms
(6) Someone else
m105. Over the past six months, that is, beginning with May 1999, did you
personally experience arrears in the payment of wages, pensions, or allowances
?
1. Yes
2. No [GO TO 108]
7. HARD TO SAY [GO TO
108]
8. REFUSAL [GO TO
108]
m124. How much money in total have all members of your family made in this
past thirty days? Sum up
everything--wages, bonuses, profits, pensions, allowances, material aid,
incidental pay, and other monetary income. Include in this hard currency, but
convert the hard currency into rubles.
__________ rubles
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m125. How has your family’s material situation changed over this past
twelve months?
1. Improved a lot
2. Improved a little
3. Remained unchanged
4. Worsened a little
5. Worsened a lot
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m128. Is your family’s housing [recently] privatized, private, or
non-privatized and non-private?
1. It has always been private or cooperative
2. Privatized since 1992
3. Non-privatized, non-private
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m140. Do you believe that law enforcement agencies are capable of
protecting you and your family and of coming to your assistance in case of
need?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
m146. How important to you are the following rights and freedoms?
{KEY: (1) Important (2) Not
important (7) H/S (8) REF}
(1-6) …
(7) The freedom to elect the country’s leaders
m152. Today many people talk about the middle class. Please tell me if
think you belong to the middle class or not?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
t47. What do you think, over the past twelve months has the economy of
Russia . . . ?
1. Gotten much better
2. Gotten somewhat better
3. Stayed the same
4. Gotten somewhat worse
5. Gotten much worse
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
east: categorization of Russian regions into East
as opposed to West used in Colton 2000.
popqui: The quintile of population size into which
the respondent’s place of residence falls.
Coded by interviewer based on official population data
russian: m77
Whom
do you consider yourself to be by nationality?
This is not necessarily the nationality which is written in your
passport.
____________________________________________________________
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
south: categorization of Russian regions into North as
opposed to South used in Colton 2000.
2003-4 SURVEY
Variables: From Wave 1
SOCIAL BACKGROUND: HigherEd FamEcSitBad MiddleClass PrivateJob Kolkhoz Age Female Russian East South BigCity
generate HigherEd = 1 if v18==7
replace HigherEd = 1 if v18==8
replace HigherEd = 0 if HigherEd==.
generate FamEcSitBad = 1 if v53==1
replace FamEcSitBad = 0 if FamEcSitBad==.
generate MiddleClass = 1 if v58a==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58b==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58c==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58d==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58e==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58f==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58g==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58h==7
replace MiddleClass = 1 if v58i==7
replace MiddleClass = 0 if MiddleClass==.
generate PrivateJob = 1 if privjobfromv41=="1"
replace PrivateJob = 0 if PrivateJob==.
generate Kolkhoz = 1 if collfarmfromv41=="1"
replace Kolkhoz = 0 if Kolkhoz==.
generate Age = 104-v17a
replace Age = . if v17a==98
generate Female = 1 if v16==2
replace Female = 0 if Female==.
generate East = 0 if area==22
replace East = 0 if area==24
replace East = 0 if area==29
replace East = 0 if area==31
replace East = 0 if area==32
replace East = 0 if area==33
replace East = 1 if East==.
generate South = 1 if area==5
replace South = 1 if area==13
replace South = 1 if area==14
replace South = 1 if area==15
replace South = 1 if area==17
replace South = 1 if area==19
replace South = 1 if area==20
replace South = 1 if area==21
replace South = 1 if area==23
replace South = 1 if area==27
replace South = 1 if area==31
replace South = 1 if area==32
replace South = 0 if South==.
generate BigCity = 1 if vh1==45
replace BigCity = 1 if vh1==106
replace BigCity = 1 if vh1==116
replace BigCity = 1 if vh1==139
replace BigCity = 1 if vh1==141
replace BigCity = 0 if BigCity==.
CURRENT CONDITIONS: WageArrears PocketbookUp EcUp EcWayDown DemDissat
generate WageArrears = 1 if v50==1
replace WageArrears = 0 if WageArrears==.
generate PocketbookUp = 1 if v54==1
replace PocketbookUp = 1 if v54==2
replace PocketbookUp = 0 if PocketbookUp==.
generate EcUp = 1 if v87==1
replace EcUp = 1 if v87==2
replace EcUp = 0 if EcUp==.
generate EcWayDown = 1 if v87==5
replace EcWayDown = 0 if EcWayDown==.
generate DemDissat = 1 if v29==4
replace DemDissat = 0 if DemDissat==.
ISSUE POSITIONS: Socialism AntiOlig Democrat PresOverParl ChechnyaForce AntiWest Chauvinist
generate Socialism = 1 if v21==1
replace Socialism = 0 if Socialism==.
generate AntiOlig = 1 if v23==3
replace AntiOlig = 1 if v23==4
replace AntiOlig = 0 if AntiOlig==.
generate Democrat = 1 if v118_2==3
replace Democrat = 1 if v118_2==4
replace Democrat = 0 if Democrat==.
generate PresOverParl = 1 if v20==1
replace PresOverParl = 0 if PresOverParl==.
generate ChechnyaForce = 1 if v26==1
replace ChechnyaForce = 0 if ChechnyaForce==.
generate AntiWest = 1 if v27==1
replace AntiWest = 1 if v27==2
replace AntiWest = 0 if AntiWest==.
generate Chauvinist = 1 if v35_2==2
replace Chauvinist = 0 if Chauvinist==.
Specific Questions Used in
Creation of Variables
vh1. NAME OF POPULATED
POINT ___________________
v16. [INTERVIEWER: MARK THE SEX OF THE RESPONDENT.]
1. MALE
2. FEMALE
v17. And now a few questions about something else. Please tell me in
what year and what month you were born.
In 19 __ year __ number of the month
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
v18. What is your education?
1. Without education, illiterate
2. Elementary
3. Incomplete secondary
4. Secondary
5. Secondary specialized
6. Incomplete higher
7. Higher
8. Scholarly degree
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
v20. Some people believe that, regardless of who is President of Russia,
he should have more power than the Parliament. Others want the Parliament to
have much more power than the President. What is your point of view? Please
look at the card and choose the answer that best correspondents to your point
of view.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 2.]
1. THE PRESIDENT SHOULD HAVE MORE POWER
2. THE PRESIDENT AND PARLIAMENT SHOULD BE EQUAL IN
POWER
3. PARLIAMENT SHOULD HAVE MORE POWER
v21. There are various opinions about the market reforms that are being
carried out in our country. What do you think, is it necessary to return to the
socialist economy, to leave everything essentially as it is now, or to continue
and deepen market reforms?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 3.]
1. IT IS NECESSARY TO RETURN TO THE SOCIALIST
ECONOMY
2. IT IS NECESSARY TO LEAVE EVERYTHING ESSENTIALLY
AS IT IS NOW
3. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONTINUE AND DEEPEN MARKET
REFORMS
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v23. There has been a lot of talk recently about the results of
privatization in Russia and especially of what to do with the so‑called
oligarchs and other rich persons who became wealthy as a result of the
privatization of the 1990s. What in general is your point of view on this
problem and of what needs to be done about the oligarchs?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 4.]
1. LET THE OLIGARCHS KEEP EVERYTHING THEY HAVE
2. LET THE OLIGARCHS KEEP THEIR PROPERTY, BUT FORCE
THEM TO PAY HIGHER TAXES
3. TAKE AWAY EVERYTHING THE OLIGARCHS GOT AS A
RESULT OF PRIVATIZATION
4. TAKE AWAY EVERYTHING THE OLIGARCHS GOT AS A
RESULT OF PRIVATIZATION AND THROW THEM IN PRISON
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v26. To resolve the problem of Chechnya, do you think it is necessary to
use primarily force or negotiations?
1. PRIMARILY FORCE
2. PRIMARILY NEGOTIATIONS
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v27. There are various opinions about what relations should be like
between Russia and the West. What do you think of how Russia should relate to
the West?
1. As to an enemy
2. As to a rival
3. As to an ally
4. As to a friend
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v29. On the whole, are you fully satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, or
completely dissatisfied with how democracy is developing in Russia?
1. FULLY SATISFIED
2. SATISFIED
3. DISSATISFIED
4. COMPLETELY DISSATISFIED
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v35. Do you agree or disagree with a person of a different nationality .
. .
{KEY: (1) Agree (2) Disagree (7) H/S (8) REF}
(1) …
(2) Settling in your republic, krai, or oblast
v41. Where do you work at your main job?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 10.]
1. A PRIVATE COMPANY, COOPERATIVE, OR JOINT VENTURE
WITH A FOREIGN COMPANY
2. A SEMI-STATE COMPANY, WHOSE SHARES BELONG PARTLY
TO THE STATE AND PARTLY TO INDIVIDUAL SHAREHOLDERS
3. A STATE ENTERPRISE IN INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT, TRADE,
SERVICES, ETC.)
4. ORGANS OF STATE ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC
ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS FOR EDUCATION, SCIENCE, CULTURE, HEALTH CARE, ETC.
5. AN AGRICULTURAL JOINT-STOCK COMPANY ON THE BASIS
OF A FORMER KOLKHOZ OR SOVKHOZ, OR A KOLKHOZ OR SOVKHOZ
6. SERVICE IN THE ARMED FORCES OR LAW-ENFORCEMENT
ORGANS
7. YOUR OWN AFFAIRS, INDIVIDUAL LABOR ACTIVITY
8. FARMER OR PEASANT WORKING FOR YOURSELF
9. OTHER, SPECIFICALLY [INTERVIEWER: WRITE
DOWN] _________________________
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
v50. Over the past six months, that is, beginning with June 2003,
did you personally experience arrears in the payment of wages, pensions, or
allowances?
1. Yes
2. No
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v53. Which of the following statements best describes your family’s
financial situation?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 12.]
1. YOU DON’T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY EVEN FOR FOOD.
2. YOU HAVE ENOUGH MONEY ONLY FOR THE MOST NECESSARY
THINGS
3. YOU HAVE ENOUGH MONEY FOR DAILY EXPENSES, BUT
EVEN THE PURCHASE OF CLOTHES IS DIFFICULT FOR YOU
4. THE PURCHASE OF EXPENSIVE GOODS IS NOT ESPECIALLY
DIFFICULT FOR YOU, BUT A CAR, DACHA, OR APARTMENT IS STILL UNAFFORDABLE
5. AT THE PRESENT TIME YOU DON’T HAVE TO DENY
YOURSELVES ANYTHING
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v54. How has your family’s material situation changed over this past
twelve months?
1. Improved a lot
2. Improved a little
3. Remained unchanged
4. Worsened a little
5. Worsened a lot
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v58. Now I am going to hand you a card containing the names of various
groups of people. Please read this list and tell me to which of the suggested
groups you feel particularly close. You may choose several groups.
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 14.]
1. WORKERS
2. THE YOUNGER GENERATION
3. RUSSIANS
4. BUREAUCRATS
5. SMALL ENTREPRENEURS
6. NATIONAL MINORITIES
7. THE MIDDLE CLASS
8. BIG ENTREPRENEURS
9. PENSIONERS
10. THE INTELLIGENTSIA
11. PEASANTS
12. BUDGET WORKERS (Biudzhetniki)
13. JEWS
14. OFFICERS IN THE MILITARY AND THE SPECIAL
SERVICES
97. HARD TO SAY
98. REFUSAL
v87. What do you think, over the past twelve months has the economy of
Russia . . . ?
1. Gotten much better
2. Gotten somewhat better
3. Stayed the same
4. Gotten somewhat worse
5. Gotten much worse
7. HARD TO SAY
8. REFUSAL
v118. I am going to describe several types of political systems and ask
whether you think they are appropriate for governing this country. For each
would you say if it is a very good, a fairly good, a fairly bad, or a very bad
way of governing this country?
[INTERVIEWER: HAND THE RESPONDENT CARD 23.]
{KEY: (1) Very good way (2) Fairly good way (3)
Fairly bad way (4) Very bad way (7) H/S (8) REF}
(1) …
(2) Having a strong leader
who does not have to bother with parliament and elections
east: categorization of Russian regions into East
as opposed to West used in Colton 2000.
south: categorization of Russian regions into North
as opposed to South used in Colton 2000.